Manjaro - User contributions [en]

Pacman Overview/zh

2024-12-20T12:10:13Z

Traverse: Created page with "Pacman总览"

<languages/>
__TOC__

=总览=

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Manjaro's package manager, [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] ships with most Manjaro editions. All Manjaro editions include [https://www.archlinux.org/pacman/ pacman], the package manager from upstream Arch Linux. Pacman includes some advanced features not found in Pamac.
</div>

一些关键信息:

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Pacman is already installed in Manjaro Linux by default
* Pacman is mainly developed/maintained by Arch Linux developers
* Pacman can only be used from the command line, if you would prefer a graphical package manager please see [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/Octopi|Octopi]]
* Pacman can only use the official Manjaro [[Special:MyLanguage/Repositories_and_Servers|repository]]. There are separate articles available for accessing the [[Special:MyLanguage/Arch_User_Repository|Arch User Repository(AUR)]], using [[Special:MyLanguage/Flatpak|flatpaks]] and using [[Special:MyLanguage/Snaps|snaps]]
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Installing Updates=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To update the package database and update all packages on the system
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syu}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To force a full refresh of the package database and update all packages on the system. It may necessary when [[Special:MyLanguage/Switching_Branches|switching branches]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman-mirrors|switching mirrors]] to avoid inconsistent metadata. Inconsistent metadata will be obvious if you get '''404 Not Found''' for certain packages.
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syyu}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To force a full refresh of the package database, update all packages on the system and allow packages to be downgraded. Downgrading should be only be needed when switching to an older branch. For example, switching from Testing to Stable.
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syyuu}}

To install the packages with the broken dependency or with the deadlock dependency. Two or more packages need to be updated and first is blocking second and second is blocking first one. Use carefully!
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syudd}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Searching for Packages=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To search the Manjaro repositories for available packages you can use the command {{ic|pacman -Ss keyword}}. It will search both the package name and the description for the keyword. For example, to search for packages containing the keyword smplayer you could use:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Ss smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can search your installed packages in the same manner using {{ic|-Qs}} instead of {{ic|-Ss}}. To search your installed packages for smplayer:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qs smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Once you have found a package you can use {{ic|pacman -Qi}} to get more information about an installed packages or {{ic|pacman -Si}} for packages in the repos. Following the example above you could use</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Si smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Finally, for a list of all installed packages on your system, enter the following command:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Ql}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Installing Packages=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Warning|Never install a package without updating the system first. On a rolling release this can lead to an unbootable system}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To install a software package, the basic syntax is {{ic|pacman -S packagename}}. However, installing a package without updating the system will lead to a partial upgrade situation so all the examples here will use {{ic|pacman -Syu packagename}} which will install the package and ensure the system is up to date. For example, to install smplayer the command is:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syu smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
You will then be presented a list of software to install. You may notice this list has more packages than you requested. This is because many packages also have dependencies which are packages that must be installed in order for the software you selected to function properly.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Pacman can also directly install packages from the local system or a location on the internet. The format of that command is {{ic|pacman -U packagelocation}}. For example, to install a copy of your package cache you could do something like:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -U /var/cache/pacman/pkg/smplayer-19.5.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Alternatively, you could get it directly from one of Manjaro's mirrors:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -U <nowiki>https://mirror.alpix.eu/manjaro/stable/community/x86_64/smplayer-19.5.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz</nowiki>}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Warning|When using pacman -U it is up to you to ensure that the package you are installing is fully compatible with your system.}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Removing Packages=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Warning|Always review the package list before confirming when removing packages. If you are not careful you can easily remove your entire desktop due to dependencies.}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To remove a software package, the basic syntax is {{ic|sudo pacman -R packagename}}. We could remove the smplayer package we installed above with:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -R smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This will remove the package, but will leave all the dependencies behind. If you also want to remove the unneeded dependencies you could use {{ic|pacman -Rsu packagename}} as seen in this example:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rsu smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sometimes when you try to remove a package you will not be able to because there are other packages which depend on it. You can use {{ic|pacman -Rc packagename}} to remove a package and everything that depends on it. Be careful to heed the above warning when using this option.</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rc smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The most nuclear option is {{ic|pacman -Rcs packagename}}. This will remove everything that depends on packagename and continue to do so on its dependencies. This should really only be used in exceptional circumstances such as when removing an entire desktop environment and trying not to leave anything behind.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Pacman usually also creates backup configuration files when deleting packages. To remove those, you can add {{ic|n}} to any of the examples above. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rn smplayer}}
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rsun smplayer}}
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rcn smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Viewing and Removing Orphans=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To list all ''orphans'', installed packages that are not used by anything else and should no longer be needed:
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qdt}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To remove all the orphans:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rs $(pacman -Qdtq)}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Downloading Packages without Installing=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
In some cases it may be useful to download a package without installing. For example, to install on a different system that is not connected to the internet. This can be done with {{ic|pacman -Sw packagename}}. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Sw smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The package and any rerquired dependencies will be downloaded to your pacman cache at {{ic|/var/cache/pacman/pkg}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Determining which Package Owns a File=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
It is often useful to understand which package installed a file on your system. This is easy to do with pacman using {{ic|pacman -Qo /path/to/filename}}. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qo /usr/bin/smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Cleaning the Cache=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
When pacman installs packages, it keeps a copy of all the old packages you have downloaded. This cache can be very useful if you have to install older packages in an emergency. However, left unchecked, this cache will grow very large over time. Systems running [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] will already have access to its automated pacman cache cleaning functions. It is also possible to clean them manually using pacman.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To clear the cache of packages that are no longer installed, enter the following command:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Sc}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Otherwise, to clear the cache completely, enter the following command (and use with care):</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Scc}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A safer way to remove old package cache files is to remove all packages except for the latest three package versions using {{ic|paccache}}:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=paccache -rvk3}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=The Configuration File, pacman.conf=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Pacman's settings are located in {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}. This file is owned by root, please see [[Special:MyLanguage/Viewing_and_editing_configuration_files|this guide]] if you need more information on how to edit this file. A full reference to these options can be found in the Arch Wiki linked below. This sections features some settings that may be of particular interest to Manjaro users.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Note|pacman.conf settings are case sensitive}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Enabling Color Output==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
By default, pacman's output is monochrome but enabling colored output can make the output easier to read if your terminal supports colors. This can be enabled by uncommenting or adding the following line to the file
</div>
Color

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Showing PacMan Eating Power Pills==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
If you are bored of simply watching lines of hashes while downloading software packages in the terminal, why not change the progress bar to Pacman eating power pills instead? To enable this, simply add the line:
</div>
ILoveCandy

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Troubleshooting=
A separate page for pacman troubleshooting is available '''[[Special:MyLanguage/pacman troubleshooting|here]]'''.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=See Also=
* [[Special:MyLanguage/System Maintenance|System Maintenance]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman-mirrors|Pacman-mirrors]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman troubleshooting|Pacman troubleshooting]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Downgrading packages|Downgrading packages]]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman ArchWiki: pacman]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_tips ArchWiki: pacman tips]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improve_pacman_performance ArchWiki: pacman performance]
</div>

[[Category:Contents Page{{#translation:}}]]

Translations:Pacman Overview/Page display title/zh

2024-12-18T16:13:49Z

Traverse: Created page with "Pacman总览"

Pacman总览

Translations:Pacman Overview/1/zh

2024-12-18T16:14:00Z

Traverse: Created page with "=总览="

=总览=

Pacman Overview/zh

2024-12-20T12:09:37Z

Traverse: Created page with "一些关键信息:"

<languages/>
__TOC__

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Overview=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Manjaro's package manager, [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] ships with most Manjaro editions. All Manjaro editions include [https://www.archlinux.org/pacman/ pacman], the package manager from upstream Arch Linux. Pacman includes some advanced features not found in Pamac.
</div>

一些关键信息:

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Pacman is already installed in Manjaro Linux by default
* Pacman is mainly developed/maintained by Arch Linux developers
* Pacman can only be used from the command line, if you would prefer a graphical package manager please see [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/Octopi|Octopi]]
* Pacman can only use the official Manjaro [[Special:MyLanguage/Repositories_and_Servers|repository]]. There are separate articles available for accessing the [[Special:MyLanguage/Arch_User_Repository|Arch User Repository(AUR)]], using [[Special:MyLanguage/Flatpak|flatpaks]] and using [[Special:MyLanguage/Snaps|snaps]]
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Installing Updates=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To update the package database and update all packages on the system
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syu}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To force a full refresh of the package database and update all packages on the system. It may necessary when [[Special:MyLanguage/Switching_Branches|switching branches]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman-mirrors|switching mirrors]] to avoid inconsistent metadata. Inconsistent metadata will be obvious if you get '''404 Not Found''' for certain packages.
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syyu}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To force a full refresh of the package database, update all packages on the system and allow packages to be downgraded. Downgrading should be only be needed when switching to an older branch. For example, switching from Testing to Stable.
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syyuu}}

To install the packages with the broken dependency or with the deadlock dependency. Two or more packages need to be updated and first is blocking second and second is blocking first one. Use carefully!
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syudd}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Searching for Packages=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To search the Manjaro repositories for available packages you can use the command {{ic|pacman -Ss keyword}}. It will search both the package name and the description for the keyword. For example, to search for packages containing the keyword smplayer you could use:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Ss smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can search your installed packages in the same manner using {{ic|-Qs}} instead of {{ic|-Ss}}. To search your installed packages for smplayer:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qs smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Once you have found a package you can use {{ic|pacman -Qi}} to get more information about an installed packages or {{ic|pacman -Si}} for packages in the repos. Following the example above you could use</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Si smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Finally, for a list of all installed packages on your system, enter the following command:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Ql}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Installing Packages=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Warning|Never install a package without updating the system first. On a rolling release this can lead to an unbootable system}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To install a software package, the basic syntax is {{ic|pacman -S packagename}}. However, installing a package without updating the system will lead to a partial upgrade situation so all the examples here will use {{ic|pacman -Syu packagename}} which will install the package and ensure the system is up to date. For example, to install smplayer the command is:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syu smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
You will then be presented a list of software to install. You may notice this list has more packages than you requested. This is because many packages also have dependencies which are packages that must be installed in order for the software you selected to function properly.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Pacman can also directly install packages from the local system or a location on the internet. The format of that command is {{ic|pacman -U packagelocation}}. For example, to install a copy of your package cache you could do something like:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -U /var/cache/pacman/pkg/smplayer-19.5.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Alternatively, you could get it directly from one of Manjaro's mirrors:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -U <nowiki>https://mirror.alpix.eu/manjaro/stable/community/x86_64/smplayer-19.5.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz</nowiki>}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Warning|When using pacman -U it is up to you to ensure that the package you are installing is fully compatible with your system.}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Removing Packages=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Warning|Always review the package list before confirming when removing packages. If you are not careful you can easily remove your entire desktop due to dependencies.}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To remove a software package, the basic syntax is {{ic|sudo pacman -R packagename}}. We could remove the smplayer package we installed above with:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -R smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This will remove the package, but will leave all the dependencies behind. If you also want to remove the unneeded dependencies you could use {{ic|pacman -Rsu packagename}} as seen in this example:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rsu smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sometimes when you try to remove a package you will not be able to because there are other packages which depend on it. You can use {{ic|pacman -Rc packagename}} to remove a package and everything that depends on it. Be careful to heed the above warning when using this option.</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rc smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The most nuclear option is {{ic|pacman -Rcs packagename}}. This will remove everything that depends on packagename and continue to do so on its dependencies. This should really only be used in exceptional circumstances such as when removing an entire desktop environment and trying not to leave anything behind.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Pacman usually also creates backup configuration files when deleting packages. To remove those, you can add {{ic|n}} to any of the examples above. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rn smplayer}}
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rsun smplayer}}
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rcn smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Viewing and Removing Orphans=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To list all ''orphans'', installed packages that are not used by anything else and should no longer be needed:
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qdt}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To remove all the orphans:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rs $(pacman -Qdtq)}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Downloading Packages without Installing=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
In some cases it may be useful to download a package without installing. For example, to install on a different system that is not connected to the internet. This can be done with {{ic|pacman -Sw packagename}}. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Sw smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The package and any rerquired dependencies will be downloaded to your pacman cache at {{ic|/var/cache/pacman/pkg}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Determining which Package Owns a File=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
It is often useful to understand which package installed a file on your system. This is easy to do with pacman using {{ic|pacman -Qo /path/to/filename}}. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qo /usr/bin/smplayer}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Cleaning the Cache=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
When pacman installs packages, it keeps a copy of all the old packages you have downloaded. This cache can be very useful if you have to install older packages in an emergency. However, left unchecked, this cache will grow very large over time. Systems running [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] will already have access to its automated pacman cache cleaning functions. It is also possible to clean them manually using pacman.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
To clear the cache of packages that are no longer installed, enter the following command:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Sc}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Otherwise, to clear the cache completely, enter the following command (and use with care):</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Scc}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A safer way to remove old package cache files is to remove all packages except for the latest three package versions using {{ic|paccache}}:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=paccache -rvk3}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=The Configuration File, pacman.conf=
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Pacman's settings are located in {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}. This file is owned by root, please see [[Special:MyLanguage/Viewing_and_editing_configuration_files|this guide]] if you need more information on how to edit this file. A full reference to these options can be found in the Arch Wiki linked below. This sections features some settings that may be of particular interest to Manjaro users.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{BoxSuccess|Note|pacman.conf settings are case sensitive}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Enabling Color Output==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
By default, pacman's output is monochrome but enabling colored output can make the output easier to read if your terminal supports colors. This can be enabled by uncommenting or adding the following line to the file
</div>
Color

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Showing PacMan Eating Power Pills==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
If you are bored of simply watching lines of hashes while downloading software packages in the terminal, why not change the progress bar to Pacman eating power pills instead? To enable this, simply add the line:
</div>
ILoveCandy

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Troubleshooting=
A separate page for pacman troubleshooting is available '''[[Special:MyLanguage/pacman troubleshooting|here]]'''.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=See Also=
* [[Special:MyLanguage/System Maintenance|System Maintenance]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman-mirrors|Pacman-mirrors]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman troubleshooting|Pacman troubleshooting]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Downgrading packages|Downgrading packages]]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman ArchWiki: pacman]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_tips ArchWiki: pacman tips]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improve_pacman_performance ArchWiki: pacman performance]
</div>

[[Category:Contents Page{{#translation:}}]]

Translations:Pacman Overview/3/zh

2024-12-18T16:16:27Z

Traverse: Created page with "一些关键信息:"

一些关键信息:

Pacman Overview/zh-cn

2024-12-20T12:09:08Z

Traverse: Created page with "强制更新整个包数据库，更新系统上的所有软件包，同时允许降级部分软件包。软件包的降级只可能发生于，从较新的分支切换到较..."

<languages/>
__TOC__

=简介=

Manjaro 的软件包管理器，[[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] 配置在 Manjaro 的大多数版本中。在 Manjaro 的所有版本里，均包含着来源自 Arch Linux 的 [https://www.archlinux.org/pacman/ Pacman] 软件包管理工具。而 Pacman 还包括一些 Pamac 并不具备的高级功能。

需要了解的关键信息：

* Pacman 已被默认安装在 Manjaro Linux 中
* Pacman 大部分的开发和维护任务，由 Arch Linux 的开发者完成
* Pacman 只能在命令行下使用，如果你更喜欢图形化的软件包管理器，请查看 [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] 或 [[Special:MyLanguage/Octopi|Octopi]]
* Pacman 可以只使用官方公布的 Manjaro [[Special:MyLanguage/Repositories_and_Servers|仓库]]。另有专门的文章介绍，适用于 [[Special:MyLanguage/Arch_User_Repository|Arch 用户软件仓库(AUR)]] 的 [[Special:MyLanguage/Flatpak|flatpaks]] 和 [[Special:MyLanguage/Snaps|snaps]] 软件包

=安装更新=

更新包数据库，并更新系统上的所有软件包
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syu}}

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To force a full refresh of the package database and update all packages on the system. It may necessary when [[Special:MyLanguage/Switching_Branches|switching branches]] or [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman-mirrors|switching mirrors]] to avoid inconsistent metadata. Inconsistent metadata will be obvious if you get '''404 Not Found''' for certain packages.
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syyu}}

强制更新整个包数据库，更新系统上的所有软件包，同时允许降级部分软件包。软件包的降级只可能发生于，从较新的分支切换到较老的分支时。（例如：从Testing分支切换到Stable分支）
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syyuu}}

To install the packages with the broken dependency or with the deadlock dependency. Two or more packages need to be updated and first is blocking second and second is blocking first one. Use carefully!
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syudd}}

=搜索软件包=

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To search the Manjaro repositories for available packages you can use the command {{ic|pacman -Ss keyword}}. It will search both the package name and the description for the keyword. For example, to search for packages containing the keyword smplayer you could use:
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{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Ss smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can search your installed packages in the same manner using {{ic|-Qs}} instead of {{ic|-Ss}}. To search your installed packages for smplayer:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qs smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Once you have found a package you can use {{ic|pacman -Qi}} to get more information about an installed packages or {{ic|pacman -Si}} for packages in the repos. Following the example above you could use</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Si smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Finally, for a list of all installed packages on your system, enter the following command:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Ql}}

=安装软件包=

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{{BoxSuccess|Warning|Never install a package without updating the system first. On a rolling release this can lead to an unbootable system}}
</div>

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To install a software package, the basic syntax is {{ic|pacman -S packagename}}. However, installing a package without updating the system will lead to a partial upgrade situation so all the examples here will use {{ic|pacman -Syu packagename}} which will install the package and ensure the system is up to date. For example, to install smplayer the command is:
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{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Syu smplayer}}

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You will then be presented a list of software to install. You may notice this list has more packages than you requested. This is because many packages also have dependencies which are packages that must be installed in order for the software you selected to function properly.
</div>

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Pacman can also directly install packages from the local system or a location on the internet. The format of that command is {{ic|pacman -U packagelocation}}. For example, to install a copy of your package cache you could do something like:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -U /var/cache/pacman/pkg/smplayer-19.5.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Alternatively, you could get it directly from one of Manjaro's mirrors:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -U <nowiki>https://mirror.alpix.eu/manjaro/stable/community/x86_64/smplayer-19.5.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz</nowiki>}}

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{{BoxSuccess|Warning|When using pacman -U it is up to you to ensure that the package you are installing is fully compatible with your system.}}
</div>

=移除软件包=

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{{BoxSuccess|Warning|Always review the package list before confirming when removing packages. If you are not careful you can easily remove your entire desktop due to dependencies.}}
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To remove a software package, the basic syntax is {{ic|sudo pacman -R packagename}}. We could remove the smplayer package we installed above with:
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{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -R smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This will remove the package, but will leave all the dependencies behind. If you also want to remove the unneeded dependencies you could use {{ic|pacman -Rsu packagename}} as seen in this example:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rsu smplayer}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sometimes when you try to remove a package you will not be able to because there are other packages which depend on it. You can use {{ic|pacman -Rc packagename}} to remove a package and everything that depends on it. Be careful to heed the above warning when using this option.</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rc smplayer}}

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The most nuclear option is {{ic|pacman -Rcs packagename}}. This will remove everything that depends on packagename and continue to do so on its dependencies. This should really only be used in exceptional circumstances such as when removing an entire desktop environment and trying not to leave anything behind.
</div>

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Pacman usually also creates backup configuration files when deleting packages. To remove those, you can add {{ic|n}} to any of the examples above. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rn smplayer}}
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rsun smplayer}}
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rcn smplayer}}

=查看并移除孤立的软件包=

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To list all ''orphans'', installed packages that are not used by anything else and should no longer be needed:
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qdt}}
</div>

移除所有孤立的软件包：
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Rs $(pacman -Qdtq)}}

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=Downloading Packages without Installing=
</div>

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In some cases it may be useful to download a package without installing. For example, to install on a different system that is not connected to the internet. This can be done with {{ic|pacman -Sw packagename}}. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Sw smplayer}}

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The package and any rerquired dependencies will be downloaded to your pacman cache at {{ic|/var/cache/pacman/pkg}}
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=确定文件所属的软件包=

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It is often useful to understand which package installed a file on your system. This is easy to do with pacman using {{ic|pacman -Qo /path/to/filename}}. For example:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=pacman -Qo /usr/bin/smplayer}}

=清除缓存=

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When pacman installs packages, it keeps a copy of all the old packages you have downloaded. This cache can be very useful if you have to install older packages in an emergency. However, left unchecked, this cache will grow very large over time. Systems running [[Special:MyLanguage/Pamac|Pamac]] will already have access to its automated pacman cache cleaning functions. It is also possible to clean them manually using pacman.
</div>

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To clear the cache of packages that are no longer installed, enter the following command:
</div>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Sc}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Otherwise, to clear the cache completely, enter the following command (and use with care):</span>
{{UserCmd|command=sudo pacman -Scc}}

<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A safer way to remove old package cache files is to remove all packages except for the latest three package versions using {{ic|paccache}}:</span>
{{UserCmd|command=paccache -rvk3}}

=配置文件 pacman.conf=

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Pacman's settings are located in {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}. This file is owned by root, please see [[Special:MyLanguage/Viewing_and_editing_configuration_files|this guide]] if you need more information on how to edit this file. A full reference to these options can be found in the Arch Wiki linked below. This sections features some settings that may be of particular interest to Manjaro users.
</div>

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{{BoxSuccess|Note|pacman.conf settings are case sensitive}}
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==启用彩色输出==

在默认情况下，pacman 为单色输出，但是，若你使用的终端支持彩色显示，启用彩色输出可以使输出结果更容易阅读。这可以通过删除注释或在文件中添加下面一行内容启用。
Color

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==Showing PacMan Eating Power Pills==
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If you are bored of simply watching lines of hashes while downloading software packages in the terminal, why not change the progress bar to Pacman eating power pills instead? To enable this, simply add the line:
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ILoveCandy

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=Troubleshooting=
A separate page for pacman troubleshooting is available '''[[Special:MyLanguage/pacman troubleshooting|here]]'''.
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=See Also=
* [[Special:MyLanguage/System Maintenance|System Maintenance]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman-mirrors|Pacman-mirrors]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Pacman troubleshooting|Pacman troubleshooting]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Downgrading packages|Downgrading packages]]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman ArchWiki: pacman]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_tips ArchWiki: pacman tips]
* [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improve_pacman_performance ArchWiki: pacman performance]
</div>

[[Category:Contents Page{{#translation:}}]]

Translations:Pacman Overview/8/zh-cn

2024-12-18T16:27:55Z

强制更新整个包数据库，更新系统上的所有软件包，同时允许降级部分软件包。软件包的降级只可能发生于，从较新的分支切换到较老的分支时。（例如：从Testing分支切换到Stable分支）