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Использование fstab

Конфигурационный файл /etc/fstab, принадлежащий root, используется для определения того, как дисковые разделы, различные другие блочные устройства или удаленные файловые системы должны быть смонтированы в файловую систему.

Каждая файловая система описывается в отдельной строке. Эти определения будут преобразованы в блоки монтирования systemd динамически при загрузке или при перезагрузке конфигурации системного менеджера.

Команда mount --all смонтирует все файловые системы, указанные в fstab (кроме тех, в строке которых содержится ключевое слово noauto). Файловые системы монтируются в порядке их следования в fstab. Команда mount сравнивает исходную и целевую файловые системы для обнаружения уже смонтированных. Таблица ядра с уже смонтированными файловыми системами кэшируется во время mount --all - это означает что все дублирующиеся записи fstab будут смонтированы.

Пример файла

Каждая строка файла описывает файловую систему и содержит поля (указанные в колонках), используемые для предоставления информации о ее точке монтирования, опциях, которые должны быть использованы при монтировании и т.д. Каждое поле должно быть отделено друг от друга пробелами или символами табуляции:

# /etc/fstab: статическая информация о файловой системе.
# <файловая система> <точка монтирования> <тип> <опции> <дамп> <пас>
LABEL=ESP /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 2
/dev/sda5 / ext4 defaults,noatime,discard 0 1
UUID=18360b04-a96d-4a99-8323-b07717f36a31 swap swap defaults,noatime,discard 0 0
UUID=b4108631-e051-48d8-b2ff-a1d924a893f1 /home ext4 defaults,noatime,discard 0 2
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,mode=1777 0 0
UUID=634E43D367B0A4B1 /media/Data ntfs-3g noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.device-timeout=10,rw,inherit,permissions,streams_interface=windows,windows_names,compression,norecover,hide_dot_files,hide_hid_files,big_writes 0 2

Каждый столбец в вышеприведенной таблице - это "поля" fstab, которые будут описаны в следующем разделе.

Определения полей

Спецификация файловой системы

Это поле описывает по одному из следующих параметров:

специальное блочное устройство
удаленная файловая система
образ файловой системы для монтируемого устройства
файл подкачки или раздел подкачки, который должен быть включен

Это поле обычно имеет вид:

/dev/XdY
LABEL=< label>
UUID=<uuid>

для уникальной идентификации файловой системы, которую вы хотите смонтировать. Поскольку UUID обязательно уникален - Вы увидите, что он используется по умолчанию в более современных системах, в то время как имя устройства и метка используются только в старых системах, поэтому в этом руководстве мы сосредоточимся на UUID, но знайте, что если вы настаиваете на использовании порядка этих систем - они все еще работают на момент написания этой статьи.

Для получения UUID всех Ваших устройств - выполните команду blkid с правами root:

user $  sudo blkid COPY TO CLIPBOARD

and you'll get someting like this:

/dev/sda1: LABEL_FATBOOT="ESP" LABEL="ESP" UUID="2462-755F" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI system partition" PARTUUID="b86c0cae-3055-4d9e-9e12-1fa1e2cd32d2"

/dev/sda2: PARTLABEL="Microsoft reserved partition" PARTUUID="b0679b89-007c-441b-88a3-74a39f1f8b2b"
/dev/sda3: LABEL="WINSYS" BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="029873F49873E497" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="f8d444b9-ec60-4ac8-b12a-52448119fad1"
/dev/sda4: BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="0EB23063B2305207" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="cb083fb5-d61c-48e3-a657-ceb363a983b1"
/dev/sda5: UUID="9b539186-41e9-46f0-a515-1ec6c3544367" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="7bd52fb7-4d7d-412c-bc01-e3c98c7f3bb1"
/dev/sda6: UUID="b4108631-e051-48d8-b2ff-a1d924a893f0" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="9683d669-e0fd-496a-bd9c-f0e51d0bd561"
/dev/sda7: UUID="18360b04-a96d-4a99-8323-b07717f36a30" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="7434de88-dd5c-4ce5-a6e2-4bb65c16eab5"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="26055107-28cd-457e-9a31-46781de4065d" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="86bdde2c-b92c-43fc-811a-6d0cdc312be1"
/dev/sdb3: UUID="c9dd0f4c-5793-446e-90bb-d10e27bf4922" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="d02838bd-371c-4673-96ed-8aad73bb6d91"
/dev/sdc1: LABEL="Win-Data" BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="634E43D367B0A4B1" TYPE="ntfs" PARTUUID="ca8d0663-6a6e-4b09-a0d7-05b59d109ab1"

Any one of the output of blkid can be used as the first field in the fstab file.

E.G. all of the following lines are valid entries for the first line of the output of the above example:

# <file system>                           <mount point>  <type>  <options>                     <dump>  <pass>
LABEL=ESP                                 /boot/efi      vfat    umask=0077                         0       2
UUID=2462-755F                            /boot/efi      vfat    umask=0077                         0       2
LABEL=EFI\040system\040partition          /boot/efi      vfat    umask=0077                         0       2
UUID=b86c0cae-3055-4d9e-9e12-1fa1e2cd32d2 /boot/efi      vfat    umask=0077                         0       2

I.E. only one of the above lines should be present in your fstab file to mount the ESP partition, but any of them will work! However it is strongly recommended to use the UUID as that is globally unique!. This means that if your move a disk to another machine, it will keep its UUID and there is no opportunity for surprises like the computer you've moved the existing disk to suddenly:

booting from the EFI System Partition on the new disk instead of its own ESP
failing to mount its own Windows partition because you just added another one and this takes precedence (or not: depending on the exact kernel version and filesystem driver resulting in a boot only working 50% of the time and other weird problems)
failing to mount a disk because the disk you just inserted into M2 slot #1 gets named /dev/sda and the one in slot #2 which used to be called /dev/sda now suddenly becomes /dev/sdb.
etc, etc.

Mount Point

This field describes the mount point (target) inside your filesystem. For swap partitions, this field should be specified as `none'. If the name of the mount point contains spaces or tabs these can be escaped as `\040' and '\011' respectively.

For more information on the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy standard refer to the #See Also section, but in a nutshell you should specify an existing directory on your filesystem where you want to mount a partition.

In the example fstab file above, the following line in it's blkid output:

/dev/sdc1: LABEL="Win-Data" BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="634E43D367B0A4B1" TYPE="ntfs" PARTUUID="ca8d0663-6a6e-4b09-a0d7-05b59d109ab1"

is the Windows D: Drive
has an NTFS label of "Win-Data"
has a Windows UUID of "634E43D367B0A4B1" (different from Linux UUIDs)
contains the NTFS File System
has a partition UUID of "ca8d0663-6a6e-4b09-a0d7-05b59d109ab1"

and gets mounted on the /media/Data according to this line:

UUID=634E43D367B0A4B1                     /media/Data    ntfs-3g noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.device-timeout=10,rw,inherit,permissions,streams_interface=windows,windows_names,compression,norecover,hide_dot_files,hide_hid_files,big_writes 0 2

Filesystem Type

This field describes the type of the filesystem. Linux supports many filesystem types: ext4, xfs, btrfs, f2fs, vfat, ntfs-3g (for Windows compatibility), hfsplus (for Mac Compatibility), tmpfs, sysfs, proc, iso9660 (to allow you to mount CD/DVD ISO files as Read-Only directories), udf, squashfs, nfs, cifs, and many more.

An entry swap denotes a file or partition to be used for swapping. An entry none is useful for bind or move mounts.

More than one type may be specified in a comma-separated list.

Using the same example fstab file and "Win-Data" line as above, ntfs-3g is the file system we're mounting this one under although the blkid shows ntfs. This is simply because the ntfs driver is a read-only driver (allowing you to see your Windows files, but not modify them, whereas the ntfs-3g (for 3rd generation) allows most NTFS options (except encryption) thus also read-write capabilities:

UUID=634E43D367B0A4B1 /media/Data ntfs-3g noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.device-timeout=10,rw,inherit,permissions,streams_interface=windows,windows_names,compression,norecover,hide_dot_files,hide_hid_files,big_writes 0 2

Mount options

This field describes the mount options associated with the filesystem.

It is formatted as a comma-separated list of options. It contains at least the type of mount (ro or rw), plus any additional options appropriate to the filesystem type (including performance-tuning options).

Basic filesystem-independent options are:

defaults: use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.
noauto: do not mount when mount -a is given (I.E. at boot time)
user: allow any user to mount (I.E. no sudo needed)
owner: Only allow device owner to mount
comment: or x-<name> for use by fstab-maintaining programs
nofail: do not report errors for this device if it does not exist.

Параметры монтирования FAT

TBD

Параметры монтирования EXT2/3/4

TBD

Параметры монтирования NTFS-3G

TBD

Дамп?

Это поле должно быть равно 1 или 0 и используется dump для определения того, какие файловые системы должны быть сброшены в случае coredump (=crash). По умолчанию оно равно нулю (не сбрасывать), если отсутствует.

Pass number

This field is used by fsck(8) to determine the order in which filesystem checks are done at boot time. The root filesystem should be specified with a fs_passno of 1. Other filesystems should have a fs_passno of 2. Filesystems within a drive will be checked sequentially, but filesystems on different drives will be checked at the same time to utilize parallelism available in the hardware.

Defaults to zero (don’t check the filesystem) if not present.

Tips and tricks

The default setup will automatically `fsck` and `mount` filesystems before starting services that need them to be mounted. For example, systemd automatically makes sure that remote filesystem mounts like NFS or Samba are only started after the network has been set up. Therefore, local and remote filesystem mounts specified in `/etc/fstab` should work out of the box. See

user $  man 5 systemd.mount COPY TO CLIPBOARD

for details.

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 Для получения UUID всех Ваших устройств - выполните команду {{ic|blkid}} с правами root:
-  sudo blkid
+  <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+{{UserCmd|command=sudo blkid}}
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 and you'll get someting like this:
+</div>
-  /dev/sda1: LABEL_FATBOOT="ESP" LABEL="ESP" UUID="2462-755F" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI system partition" PARTUUID="b86c0cae-3055-4d9e-9e12-1fa1e2cd32d2"
+  <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+/dev/sda1: LABEL_FATBOOT="ESP" LABEL="ESP" UUID="2462-755F" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI system partition" PARTUUID="b86c0cae-3055-4d9e-9e12-1fa1e2cd32d2"
   /dev/sda2: PARTLABEL="Microsoft reserved partition" PARTUUID="b0679b89-007c-441b-88a3-74a39f1f8b2b"
   /dev/sda3: LABEL="WINSYS" BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="029873F49873E497" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="f8d444b9-ec60-4ac8-b12a-52448119fad1"
@@ Line 52: / Line 57: @@
   /dev/sdb3: UUID="c9dd0f4c-5793-446e-90bb-d10e27bf4922" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="d02838bd-371c-4673-96ed-8aad73bb6d91"
   /dev/sdc1: LABEL="Win-Data" BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="634E43D367B0A4B1" TYPE="ntfs" PARTUUID="ca8d0663-6a6e-4b09-a0d7-05b59d109ab1"
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 Any one of the output of {{ic|blkid}} can be used as the first field in the fstab file.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 E.G. '''all''' of the following lines are valid entries ''for the first line'' of the output of the above example:
   # <file system>                           <mount point>  <type>  <options>                     <dump>  <pass>
@@ Line 61: / Line 70: @@
   LABEL=EFI\040system\040partition          /boot/efi      vfat    umask=0077                         0       2
   UUID=b86c0cae-3055-4d9e-9e12-1fa1e2cd32d2 /boot/efi      vfat    umask=0077                         0       2
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 I.E. only one of the above lines should be present in your fstab file to mount the ESP partition, but any of them will work!
 ''However'' it is strongly recommended to use the UUID as that is '''globally unique!'''.  This means that if your move a disk to another machine, it will keep its UUID and there is no opportunity for surprises like the computer you've moved the existing disk to suddenly:
@@ Line 68: / Line 79: @@
 * failing to mount a disk because the disk you just inserted into M2 slot #1 gets named /dev/sda and the one in slot #2 which used to be called /dev/sda now suddenly becomes /dev/sdb.
 * etc, etc.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 == Mount Point ==
 This field describes the mount point (target) inside your filesystem. For swap partitions, this field should be specified as `none'. If the name of the mount point contains spaces or tabs these can be escaped as `\040' and '\011' respectively.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 For more information on the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy standard refer to the [[#See Also]] section, but in a nutshell you should specify an existing directory on your filesystem where you want to mount a partition.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 In the example {{ic|fstab}} file above, the following line in it's {{ic|blkid}} output:
   /dev/sdc1: LABEL="Win-Data" BLOCK_SIZE="512" UUID="634E43D367B0A4B1" TYPE="ntfs" PARTUUID="ca8d0663-6a6e-4b09-a0d7-05b59d109ab1"
@@ Line 81: / Line 98: @@
 * contains the NTFS File System
 * has a partition UUID of "ca8d0663-6a6e-4b09-a0d7-05b59d109ab1"
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 and gets mounted on the {{ic|/media/Data}} according to this line:
   UUID=634E43D367B0A4B1                     /media/Data    ntfs-3g noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.device-timeout=10,rw,inherit,permissions,streams_interface=windows,windows_names,compression,norecover,hide_dot_files,hide_hid_files,big_writes 0 2
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 == Filesystem Type ==
 This field describes the type of the filesystem. Linux supports many filesystem types: ext4, xfs, btrfs, f2fs, vfat, ntfs-3g (for Windows compatibility), hfsplus (for Mac Compatibility), tmpfs, sysfs, proc, iso9660 (to allow you to mount CD/DVD ISO files as Read-Only directories), udf, squashfs, nfs, cifs, and many more.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 An entry swap denotes a file or partition to be used for swapping.
 An entry none is useful for bind or move mounts.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 More than one type may be specified in a comma-separated list.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 Using the same example {{ic|fstab}} file and "Win-Data" line as above, {{ic|ntfs-3g}} is the file system we're mounting this one under although the {{ic|blkid}} shows {{ic|ntfs}}.  This is simply because the {{ic|ntfs}} driver is a read-only driver (allowing you to see your Windows files, but not modify them, whereas the {{ic|ntfs-3g}} (for 3rd generation) allows most NTFS options (except encryption) thus also read-write capabilities:
+</div>
-  UUID=634E43D367B0A4B1                     /media/Data    ntfs-3g noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.device-timeout=10,rw,inherit,permissions,streams_interface=windows,windows_names,compression,norecover,hide_dot_files,hide_hid_files,big_writes 0 2
+  <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+UUID=634E43D367B0A4B1                     /media/Data    ntfs-3g noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.device-timeout=10,rw,inherit,permissions,streams_interface=windows,windows_names,compression,norecover,hide_dot_files,hide_hid_files,big_writes 0 2
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 == Mount options ==
 This field describes the mount options associated with the filesystem.
+</div>
-It is formatted as a comma-separated list of options. It contains at least the type of mount (ro or rw), plus any additional options appropriate to the filesystem type (including performance-tuning options).
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+It is formatted as a comma-separated list of options. It contains at least the type of mount (ro or rw), plus any additional options appropriate to the filesystem type (including performance-tuning options).
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 Basic filesystem-independent options are:
 * defaults: use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.
@@ Line 109: / Line 144: @@
 * comment: or x-<name> for use by fstab-maintaining programs
 * nofail: do not report errors for this device if it does not exist.
+</div>
 === Параметры монтирования FAT ===
@@ Line 122: / Line 158: @@
 Это поле должно быть равно 1 или 0 и используется {{ic|dump}} для определения того, какие файловые системы должны быть сброшены в случае coredump (=crash). По умолчанию оно равно нулю (не сбрасывать), если отсутствует.
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 == Pass number ==
 This field is used by fsck(8) to determine the order in which filesystem checks are done at boot time. The root filesystem ''should be'' specified with a fs_passno of 1. Other filesystems should have a fs_passno of 2. Filesystems within a drive will be checked sequentially, but filesystems on different drives will be checked at the same time to utilize parallelism available in the hardware.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 Defaults to zero (don’t check the filesystem) if not present.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 = Tips and tricks =
 The default setup will automatically `fsck` and `mount` filesystems before starting services that need them to be mounted. For example, systemd automatically makes sure that remote filesystem mounts like NFS or Samba are only started after the network has been set up. Therefore, local and remote filesystem mounts specified in `/etc/fstab` should work out of the box. See {{UserCmd|command=man 5 systemd.mount}} for details.
+</div>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
 =See Also=
 https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/index.html
+</div>
 [[Category:Contents Page{{#translation:}}]]