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"What should I be aware of if I'm not on an LTS kernel?"
About Manjaro
Add a Storage Partition & Modify your System to Suit
Aliases in .bashrc
ALSA
Alternative way to install ManjaroISO
Amlogic TV boxes
Arch User Repository
Audio Players
Avidemux - Cutting out sections of video
Awesome Community Edition
Basic Submission Rules
Basic Tips for conky
BIOS and UEFI
Block Lists for Deluge & qBittorrent
Bmpanel2
Btrfs
Budgie
Build Manjaro ISOs with buildiso
Buildiso with AUR packages: Using buildpkg
Burn an ISO File
Change to a Different Download Server
CheatSheet
Check a Downloaded ISO Image For Errors
ClamAV
Configure Graphics Cards
Configure NVIDIA (non-free) settings and load them on Startup
Contributing
Create Manjaro Packages
Deepin
Desktop Environments and Window Managers
Developer Tools
Did X.server recognise your monitor correctly?
Display Managers / Login Screens
Displaymanager / Loginmanager
DMenu
Dolphin
Downgrading packages
Download Manjaro
Enable Touchpad Horizontal and Vertical Scrolling
Encfs
File Systems
Firejail
Firewalls
Firewalls and Security
Flatpak
Forum Rules
Fstab
Fstab - Use SystemD automount
GNOME
Graphical Software Managers
GRUB/Restore the GRUB Bootloader
How to mount Windows (NTFS) filesystem due to hibernation
How-to verify GPG key of official .ISO images
Important hidden .dot files in your home partition
Improve Font Rendering
Install Desktop Environments
Install Display Managers
Installation Guides
Installation with Manjaro Architect
Internet Browsers
KDE
Kernel Fails to Load (pata acpi error)
Keyboard and Mouse Sharing
Keyboard Shortcuts
Kvantum
Limit the size of .log files & the journal
Linux Security
List of Qt Applications
Locale
LXDM Configuration
LXQt
LXQt with kwin
Main Page
Make GRUB menu & boot-up/down fonts bigger
Makepkg
Manjaro
Manjaro FAQ
Manjaro Forums
Manjaro Hardware Detection
Manjaro Hardware Detection Overview
Manjaro IRC
Manjaro Kernels
Manjaro Mirrors
Manjaro Online
Manjaro Packaging Standards
Manjaro Polkit Rules
Manjaro Settings Manager
Manjaro-ARM
Manjaro-tools
Manjaro:A Different Kind of Beast
ManjaroISO
Mounting disk images
Mozilla Firefox
Mplayer
Networking
Octopi
Openbox
Pacman
Pacman Overview
Pacman troubleshooting
Pacman-mirrors
Page Translation
Pamac
Partitioning Overview and Existing Partition Tables
PCmanFM-Qt
PKGBUILD
Plymouth
Power Management
Preserve Manjaro Bootloader
Printing
Proper ~/.xinitrc File
Reactivating the Backlight
Repositories and Servers
Set all Java apps to use GTK+ font & theme settings
Set all Qt app's to use GTK+ font & theme settings
Setup Kmail & Davmail to connect to an Exchange server
Sharing files with Python
Snap
Software Applications
Some basics of MBR v/s GPT and BIOS v/s UEFI
Spotify
Swap
Switching Branches
Sync dynamic IP with openDNS service via ddclient
System Maintenance
Systemd-boot
TeamViewer
The Rolling Release Development Model
UEFI - Install Guide
Undervolt intel CPU
Using autofs (automount) with NFS
Using Compton for a tear-free experience in Xfce
Using Manjaro for Beginners
Using Manjaro for Windows users
Using Samba in your File Manager
Various screen tearing fixes
VCS PKGBUILD Guidelines
Viewing and editing configuration files
Virt-manager
VirtualBox
Vivaldi Browser
VMware
Wacom Tablet And Pen
Western Digital Green - Drive Fix - Linux
Wiki tweak page
Worker - An Introduction
Workflow states
Language
aa - Afar
ab - Abkhazian
abs - Ambonese Malay
ace - Achinese
ady - Adyghe
ady-cyrl - Adyghe (Cyrillic script)
aeb - Tunisian Arabic
aeb-arab - Tunisian Arabic (Arabic script)
aeb-latn - Tunisian Arabic (Latin script)
af - Afrikaans
ak - Akan
aln - Gheg Albanian
alt - Southern Altai
am - Amharic
ami - Amis
an - Aragonese
ang - Old English
anp - Angika
ar - Arabic
arc - Aramaic
arn - Mapuche
arq - Algerian Arabic
ary - Moroccan Arabic
arz - Egyptian Arabic
as - Assamese
ase - American Sign Language
ast - Asturian
atj - Atikamekw
av - Avaric
avk - Kotava
awa - Awadhi
ay - Aymara
az - Azerbaijani
azb - South Azerbaijani
ba - Bashkir
ban - Balinese
ban-bali - ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ
bar - Bavarian
bbc - Batak Toba
bbc-latn - Batak Toba (Latin script)
bcc - Southern Balochi
bcl - Central Bikol
be - Belarusian
be-tarask - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)
bg - Bulgarian
bgn - Western Balochi
bh - Bhojpuri
bho - Bhojpuri
bi - Bislama
bjn - Banjar
bm - Bambara
bn - Bangla
bo - Tibetan
bpy - Bishnupriya
bqi - Bakhtiari
br - Breton
brh - Brahui
bs - Bosnian
btm - Batak Mandailing
bto - Iriga Bicolano
bug - Buginese
bxr - Russia Buriat
ca - Catalan
cbk-zam - Chavacano
cdo - Min Dong Chinese
ce - Chechen
ceb - Cebuano
ch - Chamorro
cho - Choctaw
chr - Cherokee
chy - Cheyenne
ckb - Central Kurdish
co - Corsican
cps - Capiznon
cr - Cree
crh - Crimean Turkish
crh-cyrl - Crimean Tatar (Cyrillic script)
crh-latn - Crimean Tatar (Latin script)
cs - Czech
csb - Kashubian
cu - Church Slavic
cv - Chuvash
cy - Welsh
da - Danish
de - German
de-at - Austrian German
de-ch - Swiss High German
de-formal - German (formal address)
din - Dinka
diq - Zazaki
dsb - Lower Sorbian
dtp - Central Dusun
dty - Doteli
dv - Divehi
dz - Dzongkha
ee - Ewe
egl - Emilian
el - Greek
eml - Emiliano-Romagnolo
en - English
en-ca - Canadian English
en-gb - British English
eo - Esperanto
es - Spanish
es-419 - Latin American Spanish
es-formal - español (formal)
et - Estonian
eu - Basque
ext - Extremaduran
fa - Persian
ff - Fulah
fi - Finnish
fit - Tornedalen Finnish
fj - Fijian
fo - Faroese
fr - French
frc - Cajun French
frp - Arpitan
frr - Northern Frisian
fur - Friulian
fy - Western Frisian
ga - Irish
gag - Gagauz
gan - Gan Chinese
gan-hans - Gan (Simplified)
gan-hant - Gan (Traditional)
gcr - Guianan Creole
gd - Scottish Gaelic
gl - Galician
glk - Gilaki
gn - Guarani
gom - Goan Konkani
gom-deva - Goan Konkani (Devanagari script)
gom-latn - Goan Konkani (Latin script)
gor - Gorontalo
got - Gothic
grc - Ancient Greek
gsw - Swiss German
gu - Gujarati
guc - Wayuu
gv - Manx
ha - Hausa
hak - Hakka Chinese
haw - Hawaiian
he - Hebrew
hi - Hindi
hif - Fiji Hindi
hif-latn - Fiji Hindi (Latin script)
hil - Hiligaynon
ho - Hiri Motu
hr - Croatian
hrx - Hunsrik
hsb - Upper Sorbian
ht - Haitian Creole
hu - Hungarian
hu-formal - magyar (formal)
hy - Armenian
hyw - Western Armenian
hz - Herero
ia - Interlingua
id - Indonesian
ie - Interlingue
ig - Igbo
ii - Sichuan Yi
ik - Inupiaq
ike-cans - Eastern Canadian (Aboriginal syllabics)
ike-latn - Eastern Canadian (Latin script)
ilo - Iloko
inh - Ingush
io - Ido
is - Icelandic
it - Italian
iu - Inuktitut
ja - Japanese
jam - Jamaican Creole English
jbo - Lojban
jut - Jutish
jv - Javanese
ka - Georgian
kaa - Kara-Kalpak
kab - Kabyle
kbd - Kabardian
kbd-cyrl - Kabardian (Cyrillic script)
kbp - Kabiye
kcg - Tyap
kg - Kongo
khw - Khowar
ki - Kikuyu
kiu - Kirmanjki
kj - Kuanyama
kjp - Eastern Pwo
kk - Kazakh
kk-arab - Kazakh (Arabic script)
kk-cn - Kazakh (China)
kk-cyrl - Kazakh (Cyrillic script)
kk-kz - Kazakh (Kazakhstan)
kk-latn - Kazakh (Latin script)
kk-tr - Kazakh (Turkey)
kl - Kalaallisut
km - Khmer
kn - Kannada
ko - Korean
ko-kp - Korean (North Korea)
koi - Komi-Permyak
kr - Kanuri
krc - Karachay-Balkar
kri - Krio
krj - Kinaray-a
krl - Karelian
ks - Kashmiri
ks-arab - Kashmiri (Arabic script)
ks-deva - Kashmiri (Devanagari script)
ksh - Colognian
ku - Kurdish
ku-arab - Kurdish (Arabic script)
ku-latn - Kurdish (Latin script)
kum - Kumyk
kv - Komi
kw - Cornish
ky - Kyrgyz
la - Latin
lad - Ladino
lb - Luxembourgish
lbe - Lak
lez - Lezghian
lfn - Lingua Franca Nova
lg - Ganda
li - Limburgish
lij - Ligurian
liv - Livonian
lki - Laki
lld - Ladin
lmo - Lombard
ln - Lingala
lo - Lao
loz - Lozi
lrc - Northern Luri
lt - Lithuanian
ltg - Latgalian
lus - Mizo
luz - Southern Luri
lv - Latvian
lzh - Literary Chinese
lzz - Laz
mad - Madurese
mai - Maithili
map-bms - Basa Banyumasan
mdf - Moksha
mg - Malagasy
mh - Marshallese
mhr - Eastern Mari
mi - Maori
min - Minangkabau
mk - Macedonian
ml - Malayalam
mn - Mongolian
mni - Manipuri
mnw - Mon
mo - Moldovan
mr - Marathi
mrh - Mara
mrj - Western Mari
ms - Malay
mt - Maltese
mus - Muscogee
mwl - Mirandese
my - Burmese
myv - Erzya
mzn - Mazanderani
na - Nauru
nah - Nāhuatl
nan - Min Nan Chinese
nap - Neapolitan
nb - Norwegian Bokmål
nds - Low German
nds-nl - Low Saxon
ne - Nepali
new - Newari
ng - Ndonga
nia - Nias
niu - Niuean
nl - Dutch
nl-informal - Nederlands (informeel)
nn - Norwegian Nynorsk
no - Norwegian
nov - Novial
nqo - N’Ko
nrm - Norman
nso - Northern Sotho
nv - Navajo
ny - Nyanja
nys - Nyungar
oc - Occitan
olo - Livvi-Karelian
om - Oromo
or - Odia
os - Ossetic
pa - Punjabi
pag - Pangasinan
pam - Pampanga
pap - Papiamento
pcd - Picard
pdc - Pennsylvania German
pdt - Plautdietsch
pfl - Palatine German
pi - Pali
pih - Norfuk / Pitkern
pl - Polish
pms - Piedmontese
pnb - Western Punjabi
pnt - Pontic
prg - Prussian
ps - Pashto
pt - Portuguese
pt-br - Brazilian Portuguese
qu - Quechua
qug - Chimborazo Highland Quichua
rgn - Romagnol
rif - Riffian
rm - Romansh
rmy - Vlax Romani
rn - Rundi
ro - Romanian
roa-tara - Tarantino
ru - Russian
rue - Rusyn
rup - Aromanian
ruq - Megleno-Romanian
ruq-cyrl - Megleno-Romanian (Cyrillic script)
ruq-latn - Megleno-Romanian (Latin script)
rw - Kinyarwanda
sa - Sanskrit
sah - Sakha
sat - Santali
sc - Sardinian
scn - Sicilian
sco - Scots
sd - Sindhi
sdc - Sassarese Sardinian
sdh - Southern Kurdish
se - Northern Sami
sei - Seri
ses - Koyraboro Senni
sg - Sango
sgs - Samogitian
sh - Serbo-Croatian
shi - Tachelhit
shi-latn - Tachelhit (Latin script)
shi-tfng - Tachelhit (Tifinagh script)
shn - Shan
shy - Shawiya
shy-latn - Shawiya (Latin script)
si - Sinhala
simple - Simple English
sk - Slovak
skr - Saraiki
skr-arab - Saraiki (Arabic script)
sl - Slovenian
sli - Lower Silesian
sm - Samoan
sma - Southern Sami
smn - Inari Sami
sn - Shona
so - Somali
sq - Albanian
sr - Serbian
sr-ec - Serbian (Cyrillic script)
sr-el - Serbian (Latin script)
srn - Sranan Tongo
ss - Swati
st - Southern Sotho
stq - Saterland Frisian
sty - себертатар
su - Sundanese
sv - Swedish
sw - Swahili
szl - Silesian
szy - Sakizaya
ta - Tamil
tay - Tayal
tcy - Tulu
te - Telugu
tet - Tetum
tg - Tajik
tg-cyrl - Tajik (Cyrillic script)
tg-latn - Tajik (Latin script)
th - Thai
ti - Tigrinya
tk - Turkmen
tl - Tagalog
tly - Talysh
tly-cyrl - толыши
tn - Tswana
to - Tongan
tpi - Tok Pisin
tr - Turkish
tru - Turoyo
trv - Taroko
ts - Tsonga
tt - Tatar
tt-cyrl - Tatar (Cyrillic script)
tt-latn - Tatar (Latin script)
tum - Tumbuka
tw - Twi
ty - Tahitian
tyv - Tuvinian
tzm - Central Atlas Tamazight
udm - Udmurt
ug - Uyghur
ug-arab - Uyghur (Arabic script)
ug-latn - Uyghur (Latin script)
uk - Ukrainian
ur - Urdu
uz - Uzbek
uz-cyrl - Uzbek (Cyrillic script)
uz-latn - Uzbek (Latin script)
ve - Venda
vec - Venetian
vep - Veps
vi - Vietnamese
vls - West Flemish
vmf - Main-Franconian
vo - Volapük
vot - Votic
vro - Võro
wa - Walloon
war - Waray
wo - Wolof
wuu - Wu Chinese
xal - Kalmyk
xh - Xhosa
xmf - Mingrelian
xsy - Saisiyat
yi - Yiddish
yo - Yoruba
yue - Cantonese
za - Zhuang
zea - Zeelandic
zgh - Standard Moroccan Tamazight
zh - Chinese
zh-cn - Chinese (China)
zh-hans - Simplified Chinese
zh-hant - Traditional Chinese
zh-hk - Chinese (Hong Kong)
zh-mo - Chinese (Macau)
zh-my - Chinese (Malaysia)
zh-sg - Chinese (Singapore)
zh-tw - Chinese (Taiwan)
zu - Zulu
qqq - Message documentation
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<languages/> __TOC__ <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =Overview= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> System security is a complicated topic that individuals study for many years. It would be impractical to impart even a fraction of that knowledge in a Wiki article. What this page will attempt to do is provide a primer in the most basic elements of Linux security and identify common pitfalls for beginners </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =Users= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> User accounts are used to log into the system and provide one of the basic building blocks for permissions. You could loosely categorize users into a few categories: * Regular user accounts like the one created for you during install. * Accounts used to run specific processes. These users are often named after the service they run. For example the {{ic|dbus}} users is user to run the master dbus process. * The {{ic|root}} account. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The root account is an administrator or superuser account. This account to everything in the system and be used with extreme care. In most cases, it shouldn't be used at all. Instead use {{ic|sudo}}. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =sudo= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The command {{ic|sudo}} lets you run a command as the root user without actually switching to the root user. In many cases this is safer than using the root user directly as only a single command is being run as root. For example, your normal user account would not be able the file {{ic|/etc/fstab}} because it is owned by root. However, you can edit it with sudo like this: sudo nano /etc/fstab </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> When you run this command, you will be asked for a password, this will be the password of your normal user account.<br /> For more information about editing configuration files owned as root see [[Viewing_and_editing_configuration_files|this article on configuration files]]. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ==sudo vs su== </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> While {{ic|sudo}} and {{ic|su}} look similar and both involve root access they are very different. {{ic|sudo}} runs a single command as another user and requests the password of your normal user account. {{ic|su}} lets you *become* root and requests the password of the root user. In general, it is usually safer to use sudo than to use su. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{BoxWarning|Warning|Never run a graphical program as root or with sudo, it should only be used with command line programs}} </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ==Why am I Asked for a Password== </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Sometimes you will take an action in the terminal or through a GUI application and will get prompted for your password. This is because the action you are trying to take cannot be completed by you user and requires elevated rights. Whenever you get a password prompt like this it is important to pause and think if the action you are taking *should* be asking for elevated rights before entering your password. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{BoxInfo|Note|Usually these password prompts will be looking for the password of your normal user account but occasionally they will need the password of the root account}} </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =Changing Passwords= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> To change the password of the user account you are logged in as you can use the command: passwd </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> To change the password of a different user on the same system you can use sudo: sudo passwd USERNAME </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =Groups= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Users on a Linux system are commonly arranged in groups. A user group is a convenient way of assigning more users access to a common task like sound, media, printing and mounting of removable drives etc. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A list of the current groups can be seen on the system with the command: getent group | awk -F : '{print $1}' </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> To see which groups a given user belongs to use the command groups USERNAME </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ==Primary Groups== </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A user can be a member of any number of groups but they have only one primary group. The primary group is the group used when files are created. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =File Permissions= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> At the most basic level, files are designated as '''r'''ead, '''w'''rite or e'''x'''ecute to the '''u'''ser(owner), the '''g'''roup and '''o'''ther. To understand how this works let's look at a real world example. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> To get the permissions on the file we can use the command {{ic|ls -l}}. ls -l /etc/fstab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 539 Dec 26 23:07 /etc/fstab </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> That first group of letters and dashes indicate the permissions. It is 10 characters long and the dashes indicate a lack of permissions. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> * The first character "-", represents the file type, "-" indicates that it is a normal files. * The next three characters "rw-" indicate the permissions for the user or owner of the file. In this case reading and writing are allowed but not executing. * The next three characters "rw-" indicate the permissions for members of the group who owns the file. In this case reading and writing are allowed but not executing. * The next three characters "r--" indicate the permissions for other users. In this case reading is allowed but not writing or executing. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> From more detailed information on how file permissions are broken down take a look at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions#Traditional_Unix_permissions this Wikipedia article] </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ==Changing File Permissions== </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The command {{ic|chmod}} can be used to change permissions on a file or directory. It is probably easier to demonstrate than explain. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Add read rights to the user(owner) of the file chmod u+r filename </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Remove execute rights to members of the group owner of filename chmod g-x filename </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Set the rights for the other group to read only chmod o=r filename </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Of course, in normal use you would combine everything like this: chmod u+rw,g=r,o-rwx filename </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> This adds read and write to the owner, set the group as read only and remove read, write and execute from other users </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The chmod command can do a lot more than that. For more information take a look at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmod Wikipedia's chmod reference] </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =Firewalls= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The [[Firewalls]] article has a full description of the Firewall solutions available on Manjaro. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =File Integrity Monitoring= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Your first line of defense should always be security practices that prevent an intrusion such as firewalls, intrusion prevention systems and keeping your system patched and up-to-date. However, it is also useful to try to ensure that your system has not been compromised. One way to help with this is by using a file integrity monitoring solution. These solutions work by comparing the checksums or the files on your system to their previous versions and alerting about changes. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> An open source tool which provides this service is [https://aide.github.io/ AIDE](Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment. You can install it with the command: </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> pamac install aide </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> =Sandboxing= </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A '''Sandbox''' is a security mechanism for separating running programs, usually in an effort to mitigate system failures or software vulnerabilities from spreading. </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> One method of sandboxing is using Firejail. Please the [[Firejail|Firejail Wiki page]] for more information on installing and configuring Firejail. </div> [[Category:Contents Page{{#translation:}}]]
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