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Difference between revisions of "Btrfs"
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A modern '''C'''opy '''o'''n '''W'''rite file system for Linux aimed at implementing advanced features while also focusing on '''fault tolerance''', '''repair''' and '''easy administration'''. Btrfs not only is a file system, but also is partly a volume manager, software-raid, backup-tool, and it is flash-friendly. | A modern '''C'''opy '''o'''n '''W'''rite file system for Linux aimed at implementing advanced features while also focusing on '''fault tolerance''', '''repair''' and '''easy administration'''. Btrfs not only is a file system, but also is partly a volume manager, software-raid, backup-tool, and it is flash-friendly. | ||
Because Btrfs is different, some things seem unfamiliar and strange. | Because Btrfs is different, some things seem unfamiliar and strange. If you want to learn the details and the newest stuff, then [https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page btrfs.wiki.kernel.org] is the place to go. | ||
Development of Btrfs started in 2007. Since that time, Btrfs is a part of the Linux kernel and is under active development. The Btrfs code base is '''[https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Status stable] .''' However, new features are still under development. Its main features and benefits are: | Development of Btrfs started in 2007. Since that time, Btrfs is a part of the Linux kernel and is under active development. The Btrfs code base is '''[https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Status stable] .''' However, new features are still under development. Its main features and benefits are: | ||
*'''Snapshots''' which do not make the full copy of files | *'''Snapshots''' which do not make the full copy of files | ||
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Because Btrfs is different, you will find some words that do have a special meaning when used for btrfs. This may be a source of confusion. | Because Btrfs is different, you will find some words that do have a special meaning when used for btrfs. This may be a source of confusion. | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''volume'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A '''volume''' is a pool of raw storage and consists of one or more '''device'''s. The size of the volume will be the addition of all devices that are part of this volume. In most cases you will only use one | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''volume'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A '''volume''' is a pool of raw storage and consists of one or more '''device'''s. The size of the volume will be the addition of all devices that are part of this volume. In most cases you will only use one volume. You are able to add/remove devices at any time. ''Usually you do '''not''' mount a Btrfs volume.'' | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''chunk'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A '''chunk''' is simply a piece of storage that Btrfs can use to put data on. Think of a chunk(usually 1GiB) as of a page in a book. The book is the volume, and the chunk is one page of it. When you start, all pages are empty. When you write data to the volume, one page (="chunk") after the other is written to. | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''chunk'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A '''chunk''' is simply a piece of storage that Btrfs can use to put data on. Think of a chunk(usually 1GiB) as of a page in a book. The book is the volume, and the chunk is one page of it. When you start, all pages are empty. When you write data to the volume, one page (="chunk") after the other is written to. | ||
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''subvolume'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A Btrfs subvolume is an independently mountable POSIX file-tree and '''not a block device'''. It is the part of a volume that will be '''mounted writeable''' into your Linux system. By convention the names of subvolumes start with @ ('''@''', '''@home''', '''@snapshots''' ...). All subvolumes share the space of the Btrfs volume. You may create subvolumes at will. (You may think of subvolumes ''as sort of "dynamic partitions" inside a Btrfs volume'') | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''subvolume'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A Btrfs subvolume is an independently mountable POSIX file-tree and '''not a block device'''. It is the part of a volume that will be '''mounted writeable''' into your Linux system. By convention the names of subvolumes start with @ ('''@''', '''@home''', '''@snapshots''' ...). All subvolumes share the space of the Btrfs volume. You may create subvolumes at will. (You may think of subvolumes ''as sort of "dynamic partitions" inside a Btrfs volume'') | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ '''default subvolume''' </div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">The default subvolume of a Btrfs volume is special. When you mount, you normally have to name a subvolume to mount. When you don't name a subvolume, the default subvolume will be used | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ '''default subvolume''' </div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">The default subvolume of a Btrfs volume is special. When you mount, you normally have to name a subvolume to mount. When you don't name a subvolume, the default subvolume will be used. The default subvolume can be changed to any subvolume. It is advisable to set the subvolume as default, that is used for mounting linux '''"/"''' this is often the subvolume with name '''"@"''' | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''volume-root''' "/", Btrfs '''layout''' </div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''volume-root''' "/", Btrfs '''layout''' </div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A volume contains one ore more subvolumes. But they are not stored in form of a simple list. These subvolumes are stored in a tree-like structure like in a filesystem. Sometimes called the "top-level subvolume" or "root of the volume". But be careful this is '''not linux-root "/"''', but Btrfs '''volume-root "/"'''. There are several basic schemas to '''layout''' subvolumes in a volume | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''snapshot'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A snapshot looks nearly the same as a subvolume. But don´t get confused. When we talk about snapshots we usually mean a "'''Read-Only ( | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs '''snapshot'''</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A snapshot looks nearly the same as a subvolume. But don´t get confused. When we talk about snapshots we usually mean a "'''Read-Only (ro) photograph''' of a subvolume". While the subvolume changes with time. A snapshot stays in the state of the subvolume at the time we made it. You can mount snapshots into your linux system, but you only can read the content. And the content will never change while this snapshot exists. When creating '''snapshots''' you have to watch out for the Btrfs-'''layout''' in use. | ||
It is possible to make a writeable subvolume out of a | It is possible to make a writeable(rw) subvolume out of a ro-snapshot. This is the way roll back does work. | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Self-healing</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Self-healing</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''This is no magic.''' Because of the nature of Btrfs as CopyOnWrite filesystem and because of the checksums, it is possible to check the filesystem and repair some errors. This does happen silently. | ||
* Without raid it is possible to correct some faults that happen because of poweroutage. (when the filesystem is mounted) | |||
* With raid it is possible to repair some parts of files that were damaged by small faults on one device. (when the file is read) | |||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs Scrub</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs Scrub</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A scrub is like an inspection of your car. The mechanic will look at all parts, and will tell you if something is amiss. If he finds very small problems, he will repair this automatically without asking for permission, and with minimal extra cost. | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs Balance</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs Balance</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A balance is like renovating your home. Sometimes it is necessary to renovate a room, sometimes you will renovate your home completely. But you don't do it once in every week ;-) With balance, the furniture is transported around and sorted. | ||
</div></div> | </div></div> | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs Quota</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A Volume consists of one or more devices. The size of the volume will be the addition of all devices that are part of this volume. In most cases you will only use one Btrfs Volume | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="mw-collapsible-toggle" style="float:none;">▶ Btrfs Quota</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content">A Volume consists of one or more devices. The size of the volume will be the addition of all devices that are part of this volume. In most cases you will only use one Btrfs Volume | ||