Manjaro Kernel
Übersicht
As the name would imply, as with the kernel of a seed, the Linux kernel is the core of a Linux operating system. Every other element of a Linux-based operating system is built around the kernel, which acts as an interface between your computer's hardware and the applications that run on it. As hardware and software applications become more complex and sophisticated, so do the kernels to fully utilise them. As such, Linux kernels are continually under development, with new revisions and versions being regularly released. Further information on the very latest developments in kernel technology can be found at The Linux Kernel Archives
The first Linux kernel was originally developed by Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux. It is now an open-source project containing millions of lines of code generated by thousands of programmers. However, Linus Torvalds still has the final authority on their development and release.
GUI Manjaro Einstellungen
Manjaro-Einstellungsmanager bietet eine einfache Möglichkeit zum Hinzufügen und Entfernen von Kerneln (einschließlich der erforderlichen Kernel-Module).
Neue Kernel können durch Drücken der Schaltfläche "Installieren" installiert werden. Alle notwendigen Kernel-Module werden automatisch mit einem neuen Kernel mit installiert.
Bitte beachten Sie bei der Auswahl eines Kernels das Tag "Empfohlen". LTS steht für Long Term Support, was für die meisten Benutzer am sichersten ist.
Der neueste installierte Kernel wird standardmäßig gebootet, aber um andere installierte Kernel auszuführen, lesen Sie den Abschnitt Kernel auswählen unten.
Terminalbefehle
Anstatt den Manjaro-Einstellungsmanager zum Identifizieren, Auswählen, Hinzufügen und Entfernen von Kerneln zu verwenden, kann alles auch von einem Terminal aus erreicht werden.
Identifizieren des verwendeten Kernels
Dieser Terminalbefehl gibt die Kernel-Informationen Ihres Systems aus:
mhwd-kernel -li
Der obige Befehl zeigt nicht nur an, welcher Kernel verwendet wird, sondern listet auch alle anderen Kernel auf, die ebenfalls installiert sind, wie im folgenden Beispiel für die Terminalausgabe gezeigt:
mhwd-kernel -li
Currently running: 5.13.11-1-MANJARO (linux513) The following kernels are installed in your system:
* linux419 * linux510 * linux513
Wie im obigen Beispiel zu sehen ist, führt Manjaro den Kernel 5.13.11-1-MANJARO aus. Die hier gemachten Angaben sind nicht willkürlich; jeder Teil des Kernelnamens identifiziert etwas über diesen Kernel:
- Die 5 gibt die Version an
- Die 13 zeigt die Hauptrevision an
- Die 11 zeigt die geringfügige Überarbeitung an
- Die 1 gibt die Überarbeitung des Manjaro-Pakets an
- MANJARO gibt die spezifische Distribution an, für die es verwendet wird
Neue Kernel hinzufügen
Manjaro unterstützt nicht nur die Verwendung von mehreren Kerneln (auswählbar über den Boot-Bildschirm), sondern ermöglicht auch einen einfachen Zugriff auf die neuesten Bleeding Edge-Kernel. Dies wird durch die Verwendung von Manjaros eigenem mhwd-kernel (Manjaro Hard-Ware Detection)-Befehl durchgeführt. Die Syntax des Befehls lautet wie folgt:
sudo mhwd-kernel [-i] [neuer Kernel: linux(version)] [optional - entfernt den aktuellen Kernel: rmc]
When listing a new kernel to be installed in the command, it is not necessary to write the entire version number. For example, any version of Kernel 4.19 can be listed simply as 'linux419', and any version of Kernel 4.14 can be listed as 'linux414', and so on.
The optional rmc (remove current) component is of vital importance. Using this will result in your existing kernel being deleted upon the installation of the new kernel. Otherwise, if it is not used, then the existing kernel will be kept, and will be selectable alongside the new kernel at the boot screen. It is recommended - especially if updating to the latest bleeding edge kernel - to keep your old one, even if only for a short time afterwards. This the safer option, and the old kernel can be easily removed when satisfied with the stability and functionality of the new one.
As an example, once the terminal is opened, the following command will install a new kernel (4.19) without deleting the existing kernel currently being used:
sudo mhwd-kernel -i linux419
Otherwise, the following command will install a new kernel (5.10) to replace the existing kernel, which will be deleted:
sudo mhwd-kernel -i linux510 rmc
Either way, Manjaro will automatically configure the new kernel for you, ready for immediate use. Once completed, close the terminal and re-boot the system for the change to take effect.
Removing Kernels
Where multiple kernels are present on your system, pacman can be used to remove them in the terminal. It may be necessary to delete a total of three elements of the kernel in total to completely remove it:
- The kernel itself
- The kernel's headers
- The kernel's extra modules
Whether or not the headers and extra modules must be deleted depends on whether or not they have been installed.
1. To remove a kernel use the following syntax:
sudo mhwd-kernel -r linux[version]
Here is an example for removing kernel 5.0.17-1
sudo mhwd-kernel -r linux50
2. To delete a kernel's headers, the syntax is:
sudo pacman -R linux[version]-headers
For example, to delete the headers of kernel version 5.0.x from the system, the following command would be entered:
sudo pacman -R linux50-headers
3. To delete a kernel's extra modules, the syntax is:
sudo pacman -R linux[version]-extramodules
For example, to delete the extra modules of kernel version 5.0.x from the system, the following command would be entered:
sudo pacman -R linux50-extramodules
4. To delete all elements of a kernel at the same time - where they are all present on your system - the syntax is:
sudo pacman -R linux[version] linux[version]-headers linux[version]-extramodules
For example, to completely remove all elements of kernel version 5.0.x, the following command would be entered:
sudo pacman -R linux50 linux50-headers linux50-extramodules
Please note however, that attempting to delete multiple elements at once if they are not present on your system will result in an error message before the operation itself is aborted. It is also worthwhile noting if Manjaro is being run in a virtual machine (e.g. Oracle Virtualbox), you may not be able to delete certain kernels if they contain elements important to the virtualisation process itself.
Don't forget the mhwd-kernel -h command
As with most Linux commands that can be entered into the Terminal, typing the command followed by either -h or --help will print out the usage & available options to the Terminal for your reference. Here is the output of the mhwd-kernel -h command:
[handy@jarmano ~]$ mhwd-kernel -h Usage: mhwd-kernel [option] -h --help Show this help message -i --install Install a new kernel [kernel(s)] [optional: rmc = remove current kernel] -l --list List all available kernels -li --listinstalled List installed kernels -r --remove Remove a kernel [kernel(s)]
Selecting Kernels
All available kernels installed on your system will be presented upon booting up. GNU GRUB is visible with a couple of options. Choose "Advanced Options for Manjaro Linux" by using the arrow keys on your keyboard and then press <Enter>.
On the next screen (as illustrated) are backup copies of each kernel version installed (which will also be automatically removed if or when a kernel version is deleted). To select a kernel, simply use the arrow keys to highlight the desired version, and then press <Enter>.